RISK-BASED STAKEHOLDER MANAGEMENT MODEL FOR SELF-MANAGED ELEMENTARY SCHOOL REVITALIZATION PROGRAMS
Universitas Indonesia
Universitas Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56943/jmr.v5i1.911Indonesia's elementary school infrastructure faces significant challenges, with approximately 174,000 educational units experiencing moderate to severe classroom damage. The 2025 Elementary School Revitalization Program, implementing a self-managed mechanism with direct fund disbursement to schools, represents a policy innovation requiring effective stakeholder coordination and risk management. This research develops a risk-based stakeholder management model for the program's implementation. The study employs a mixed-method approach combining document analysis, stakeholder surveys, and expert validation following Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) standards. Data were collected from school principals, School Development Committees (P2SP), education offices, and technical consultants across multiple implementation sites. Results reveal seventeen key stakeholders categorized through power-interest analysis, with five identified as key players requiring intensive engagement. Critical communication pathways exist between schools, district education offices, and central directorates. Twenty-three dominant risks were identified, primarily administrative and communication-related rather than technical. The developed model integrates stakeholder mapping, communication mechanisms, and risk mitigation strategies into a comprehensive engagement framework. This research contributes a practical tool for enhancing program transparency, accountability, and effectiveness in self-managed educational infrastructure projects.
Keywords: PMBOK Risk Communication School Revitalization Self-Managed Projects Stakeholder Management
Aaltonen, K., & Kujala, J. (2016). Towards an improved understanding of project stakeholder landscapes. International Journal of Project Management, 34(8), 1537–1552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.08.009
Ackermann, F., & Eden, C. (2011). Strategic Management of Stakeholders: Theory and Practice. Long Range Planning, 44(3), 179–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2010.08.001
Adhi, A. B., & Muslim, F. (2023). Development of Stakeholder Engagement Strategies to Improve Sustainable Construction Implementation Based on Lean Construction Principles in Indonesia. Sustainability, 15(7), 6053. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15076053
Ali, T., Butt, A., Arslan, A., Tarba, S. Y., Sniazhko, S. A., & Kontkanen, M. (2021). International projects and political risk management by multinational enterprises: insights from multiple emerging markets. International Marketing Review, 38(6), 1113–1142. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMR-03-2020-0060
Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional. (2025). Rencana Pembangunan Jangkah Menengah Nasional Tahun 2025-2029. Kementerian Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional. https://perpustakaan.bappenas.go.id/e-library/file_upload/koleksi/dokumenbappenas/konten/Dokumen 2025/Konten/%7BDigital%7D Ringkasan RPJMN Tahun 2025-2029.pdf
Bourne, L. (2016). Stakeholder Relationship Management : a Maturity Model for Organisational Implementation. CRC Press.
Butt, A., Naaranoja, M., & Savolainen, J. (2016). Project change stakeholder communication. International Journal of Project Management, 34(8), 1579–1595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.08.010
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2023). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (Sixth). SAGE Publication, Inc.
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2024). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches. SAGE Publications Ltd. https://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/qualitative-inquiry-and-research-design/book266033#main-content
Elpina, D., Marzam, R., Rusdinal, R., & Gustituati, N. (2021). ANALYSIS OF EDUCATION MANAGEMENT POLICIES IN THE STANDARD FIELD OF FACILITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURE IN INDONESIAN ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. European Journal of Education Studies, 8(6). https://doi.org/10.46827/ejes.v8i6.3812
Eyieyien, O. G., Idemudia, C., Paul, P. O., & Ijomah, T. I. (2024). Effective stakeholder and risk management strategies for large-scale international project success. International Journal of Frontiers in Science and Technology Research, 7(1), 013–024. https://doi.org/10.53294/ijfstr.2024.7.1.0044
Freeman, R. E. (2010). Strategic Management. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139192675
Freeman, R. E., Harrison, J. S., & Wicks, A. C. (2007). Managing for Stakeholders : Survival, Reputation, and Success. Yale University Press.
Ghozali, M., & Ariskawanti, E. (2022). Peran Supporting Agency Komite Sekolah dalam Pembiayaan Pendidikan. ISLAMIKA, 4(3), 504–515. https://doi.org/10.36088/islamika.v4i3.1913
Hillson, D. (2023). The Risk Management Handbook (Second Edition). Kogan Page.
IBRD. (1992). Governance and development. In World Bank. World Bank. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203555644-5
Ismaeil, E. M. H., Alshamayleh, H. Z., & E. Sobaih, A. E. (2025). Effective communication management for mitigating potential risk in construction projects. Environment and Social Psychology, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i1.3282
Kadir, S., & Musdiana, A. D. (2024). BUSINESS RISK AND RETURN CONCEPT IN ISLAMIC INVESTMENT. Journal of Entrepreneurship, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.56943/joe.v3i4.695
Kementerian Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah. (2025). Petunjuk Teknis Pelaksanaan Program Revitalisasi Satuan Pendidikan Tahun Anggaran 2025. https://pauddikdasmen.kemdikbud.go.id
Kerzner, H. (2022). Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling. In Wiley (13th Edition). Wiley.
Langrafe, T. de F., Barakat, S. R., Stocker, F., & Boaventura, J. M. G. (2020). A stakeholder theory approach to creating value in higher education institutions. The Bottom Line, 33(4), 297–313. https://doi.org/10.1108/BL-03-2020-0021
Loosemore, M. (2014). Crisis Management in Construction Projects. American Society of Civil Engineers Publishing. https://www.scirp.org/(S(351jmbntvnsjt1aadkozje))/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=3755632
Mendelow, A. (1991). Stakeholder mapping. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Information Systems. https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=rmGZ_IIAAAAJ&citation_for_view=rmGZ_IIAAAAJ:KlAtU1dfN6UC
Nke, O. W. G., & Wachira, T. J. (2023). Project Management Practices and Implementation of Construction Projects in Public Secondary Schools in Nairobi City County, Kenya. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 12(11), 1449–1457. https://doi.org/10.21275/SR231119194640
Oshinowo, O. R., Agoi, M. A., Sain, Z. H., Sain, S. H., & Aziz, A. L. (2025). AN AI-DRIVEN TEACHING PROTOTYPE FOR EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION: A DEVELOPMENTAL APPROACH TO EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT. Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 4(2), 45–65. https://doi.org/10.56943/jmr.v4i2.867
Paci-Green, R., Pandey, B., Gryc, H., Ireland, N., Torres, J., & Young, M. (2020). Challenges and benefits of community-based safer school construction. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 43, 101384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101384
Peng, Y., Alias, B. S., & Mansor, A. N. (2024). Application of Stakeholder Theory in Education Management: A Comprehensive Systematic Literature Review (SLR). International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 23(6), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.23.6.1
Project Management Institute. (2025). PMBOK Guide: A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (Eight Edition).
Qazi, A., & Dikmen, I. (2021). From Risk Matrices to Risk Networks in Construction Projects. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 68(5), 1449–1460. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2019.2907787
Rabbani, M. K., Abimanyu, A., Furqon, A. Z., & Yaqin, M. A. (2022). Manajemen Stakeholder pada Sekolah Berdasarkan Standar Nasional Pendidikan (SNP) Menggunakan Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK). Journal Automation Computer Information System, 2(2), 116–124. https://doi.org/10.47134/jacis.v2i02.49
Run, N., Tep, P., Mot, N., & Phuong, C. (2025). REVIEWING CHALLENGES OF CURRICULUM IMPLEMENTATION IN CAMBODIAN TEACHER EDUCATION AND POSSIBILITIES FOR IMPROVEMENT. Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 14–24. https://doi.org/10.56943/jmr.v4i1.735
Shakeri, H., & Khalilzadeh, M. (2020). Analysis of factors affecting project communications with a hybrid DEMATEL-ISM approach (A case study in Iran). Heliyon, 6(8), e04430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04430
Subagio, A., & Yani, A. T. (2024). Analisis Kebutuhan Sumber Daya dan Infrastruktur dalam Pengembangan Rencana Pengelolaan Sekolah yang Berkelanjutan. Jurnal Cahaya Mandalika, 3(3), 1648–1656. https://ojs.cahayamandalika.com/index.php/jcm/article/view/2933
Turner, R. (2014). Handbook of Project-Based Management: Leading Strategic Change in Organizations (4th Edition). McGraw-Hill Education.
Ulum, M. H. F., Syafi’udin, M. M., & Yaqin, M. A. (2021). Perencanaan Manajemen Stakeholder di Pondok Pesantren Menggunakan Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK). ILKOMNIKA: Journal of Computer Science and Applied Informatics, 3(2), 255–265. https://doi.org/10.28926/ilkomnika.v3i2.169
Yin, R. K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications (Sixth Edition). SAGE Publications, Inc.
Zulfikar, Z., Lubis, M. S., & Sembiring, W. M. (2025). Evaluation of the Implementation of the Special Allocation Fund Policy in Elementary School Education. Journal La Sociale, 6(2), 648–657. https://doi.org/10.37899/journal-la-sociale.v6i2.2007
